Motivated You To Study Social Work Education Essay

My motive to analyze societal work comes from my passion about assisting people who are less advantaged. Having spent the last five old ages working in a societal attention environment helped me to gain that my passion lies in assisting the most vulnerable members of our society. I found working as a Care Assistant highly disputing but besides rewarding.A Attending a multi-disciplinary attention reappraisals gave me a great insightA A into a societal worker function. I found out that societal work can assist service users maintain their self-respect and independency, give wider picks of support, protect from maltreatment every bit good as cut down admittances to infirmary. I hope that analyzing societal work will give me a valuable accomplishments and cognition needed for effectual professional pattern as a societal worker.2.A A A What type of scholar are you?Last twelvemonth on the Access class through the exercising on the category I have identified my learning manner [ Appendix 1 ] . A Knowing and understanding my acquisition manner helped me to larn more efficaciously and place chances to better my acquisition. Harmonizing to Honey and Mumford ( 1982 ) Learning Style Model I perform strongly as a Reflector. A As a Reflector I learn by detecting and believing about what happened. I like to stand back and detect experiences from many different positions. I like to roll up information ( the more that better ) , and prefer to believe about it exhaustively before coming to any decisions. I prefer to take a back place in meetings and treatments. I ever listen to others before doing my ain point. I learn less good when being thrown in at the deep terminal with no clip to fix and when moving as leader or role-playing in forepart of others. Having identified my learning manner, I now understand that as a reflector I am a ‘slow ‘ scholar and necessitate more clip to analyze, that is why it is of import to be after my survey efficaciously. I besides need to seek to acquire involved more in meeting and treatments alternatively of sitting back and listen.A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AMy preferable manner of acquisition was besides determined by finishing the Learning Styles Questionnaire on C_Space [ Appendix 2 ] . Harmonizing to the questionnaire I learn best by ocular manner. Information presented in images, diagrams or charts is easy remembered.A I like to watch the lector closely and be able to see the instructor organic structure linguistic communication to to the full understand the content of a lesson. I besides like to utilize colorss in my surveies such as colored markers to foreground information. A As a ocular scholar it is of import to do certain that I sit ever in a place in the schoolroom where I can see things clearly.3.A A A How do others comprehend your values and abilities?Recently I asked my best friend how they perceive my values and abilities. The feedback I have been given was as follow: You are reasonable, cautious, careful & A ; practical. I see you as clever, gifted, or talented, but modest. Not a individual who makes friends excessively rapidly or easy, but person who ‘s highly loyal to friends you do do and who expects the same trueness in return. Those who truly acquire to cognize you recognize it takes a batch to agitate your trust in your friends, but every bit that it takes you a long clip to acquire over if that trust is of all time broken. My fellow pupils see me as confident, unfastened minded and positive individual. So far, the feedback signifier my coachs was ever positive, nevertheless I am prepared to can take negative feedback. Receiving feedback is great chance to derive utile information and penetration into what we need to develop or better in order to turn professionally.AAAA4.A A A How do you near larning? How have you improved your accomplishments for survey ( including IT ) ?AAHaving developed a figure of schemes and techniques on last twelvemonth class enabled me to do the most efficient usage of my clip, resources, and possible. I approach my surveies strategically and consistently by working out where to put my clip and energies. Choosing the right topographic point to analyze is of import as I work most efficaciously in a well – organised survey country. I like to work in a comfy and free from distractions place with a good lighting and a room to distribute my book and documents. Time direction is â€Å" a vehicle that can transport you from wherever you are to wherever you want to be † ( Tracy 2007:2 ) Time direction in the key accomplishment to manage my coursework and to acquire it done on clip. Good clip direction accomplishments enable me to use my clip in a more effectual manner and let me to carry through more undertakings in a shortest possible manner. A survey clip tabular array is an indispensable ingredient in effectual clip direction. I have created a hebdomadal clip table [ Appendix 3 ] A to assist me organize my day-today undertakings, which keeps me positive and focused on my perusal, and helps me accomplish my marks. I have besides learned to prioritize my work by making the little and easy undertakings foremost and taking them out of the manner, before seeking to undertake larger pieces of work. I have created â€Å" things to make † name [ Appendix 4 ] . I use it to put day-to-day precedences and to cut down determination devising and concern. The ability to do clear and concise notes is another of import accomplishment that I have developed through my survey. Taking notes helps me to derive a deeper apprehension of the topic and gaining control the indispensable points of the subject. It besides helps to do sense of what is to be learned and to retrieve it subsequently. Having identified my preferable learning manner I know now that I work good with patterned notes, such as atomic, spider gms, diagrammatic and head maps. This method was described by Buzan ( 1992 ) in his book â€Å" Use your caput † . He calls the technique â€Å" Mind Mapping † . Mind maps allow for greater activity when entering thoughts and information, every bit good as leting the note-taker to tie in words with ocular representations ( Buzan, 1992 ) . Patterned notes involve composing the chief subject in the Centre of the page, and so compose related thoughts around it and associate them up to demo their relationship to the chief thoug ht. Pattern notes are more ocular, and are really active signifier of acquisition. For illustration of my note taking please see [ Appendix 5 ] . I have besides learned how to read efficaciously by being selective, scanning, planing and oppugning as I read. Computer helps me to analyze in many different ways. It helps me to research online for information, make structured notes, making charts, graphs and tabular arraies and to organize and maintain path of my surveies. Although I have used computing machine in the yesteryear there was countries that I still had to better. Last twelvemonth on the entree class I have learned how to work with dispersed sheets, databases, and make a power point presentation, which helped me to better my IT skills. [ Appendix 6 ]A5.A A A What factors affect your acquisition?AHaving many duties as an grownup scholar I must equilibrate against the demands of larning. Personally, the factor impacting my acquisition is English as a 2nd linguistic communication I do happen it difficult at the times to show myself in the manner that I wish to. It besides lower my assurance and self – regard. Bing capable to gags about my amusing speech pattern in the yesteryear made me experience nervous when talking in for epart of others. However, my assurance in that country improved dramatically since get downing the class. Distractions while analyzing could be another country that affects my acquisition. I need a quiet and organized topographic point to analyze without any break. I have learned to understate distractions while I work by promoting others to esteem my rights to work without break. I keep my phone off when I am analyzing to avoid phone calls that could upset my acquisition. Self – regard and deficiency of confidence.A Before I took an Access Course my ego – regard every bit good as assurance were really low. I did non believe in my abilities and felt really dying about traveling back to instruction after a long interruption. Having a positive feedback from the coachs every bit good as fellow pupils helped me to construct up my self- regard and go a confident pupil.AAA6.A A A How do you go an effectual job convergent thinker in your life?Problem resolution is one of the cardinal accomplishments in societal work pattern. Social workers use a job – work outing attack in working with persons, households, groups and communities. As a societal work pupil, it is really of import to me to go an effectual job convergent thinker. In my personal life I have learned facing instead than avoiding jobs. I tend to work out my jobs utilizing a simple technique. The first phase is to specify the job. To understand why the job exist and looking at the root cause of the job. Second I explore the job by looking at how does the job impact me or others? The following measure is looking for possible solutions and choosing a realistic solution that is most relevant to me. Finally I put my solution into action. It is nevertheless of import to measure the effectivity of my solution.A7.A A A How do you go more effectual, independent and confident self- directed learner?Autonomous acquisition is â€Å" a procedure in which persons take the enterprise, with or without the aid of others, in naming their acquisition demands, explicating larning ends, placing human and material resources for acquisition, taking and implementing appropriate acquisition schemes, and measuring larning results † ( Knowles, 1975:14 ) . Harmonizing to Malcolm Knowles ( 1984 ) grownups learn otherwise than immature people. In his theory of grownup larning Knowles pointed that grownups are self- directed in their learning.A â€Å" As a individual matures his self-concept moves from one of being a dependent personality toward one of being a autonomous homo being † A ( Knowles, 1984:12 ) . As an grownup pupil I take duty for my acquisition procedures, such as goal-setting, instructional design and rating of my learning procedure. Bing organised helps me to pull off my surveies efficaciously. In order to go more independent scholar I need to be motivated to larn, able to pull off my clip efficaciously, and reflect upon my acquisition. Effectiveness of larning depend on â€Å" holding your province of head, infinite, clip, and stuffs organised in the ways that best suit your acquisition † ( Cottrell, 2008:67 ) .8.A A A How did you work hand in glove with others? ?I am a portion of a Care squad working in a attention place for people with dementedness. Bing a portion of the squad I have learned how to work co- operatively with my work co-workers. As a squad member I have learn contribute to accomplishing the end of run intoing the demands of clients. Apart from work I besides work co – operatively with others in group work undertakings on categories. We were put to groups to finish specific undertaking. I worked hand in glove by sharing my thoughts, being and active hearer, esteem other people positions, work together with the members of group to finish the undertaking successfully. Working in groups gave me a great chance to derive assurance and develop interpersonal accomplishments, such as active hearing and inquiring and communicating accomplishments.9.A A A How do you associate your larning to the modern-day context of societal work pattern?Working in a Social Care as a Carer my function involves supplying practical support, and enabling service users to keep their independency to take Fuller and unafraid life. I besides build partnerships with people I work with, seeking to win them trust and promoting them to get by and acquire most out of life. I relate my acquisition to the modern-day context of societal work by i mplementing my current accomplishments and cognition to my work scenes. Skills such as interpersonal accomplishments help me to understand the importance of actively listening and sympathizing with service users in order to come in the universe from their point of view.A I am besides more cognizant about the group kineticss in my work topographic point and importance of effectual squad working in order to accomplish the desire outcomes.A Since making the grade I besides developed an anti – discriminatory pattern. I started to associate the theories to pattern to understand the causes of favoritism and ways to dispute it efficaciously.

Eradicating Social Ills

ASSIGNMENT 2 FIK 3042 ENGLISH FOR COMMUNICATION 2 ERADICATING SOCIAL ILLS AMONGST TEENAGERS GROUP: EL-AO4 Prepared by NAME| ID NUMBER| TELEPHONE NUMBER| Kasthuri Bai A/P Thangarajah| D20111049818| 013-9801264| Lecturer : Dr. Lajiman bin Janoory Dateline :6th November 2011 ERADICATING SOCIAL ILLS AMONGST TEENAGERS. Nowadays, the social ills amongst teenagers are so rampant that they are posing a great problem in the society . Before we go further , let us see what are actually these social ills among the teenagers.There are many types of social ills that are affecting our teenagers at an alarming rate. Some of them are addiction to drugs , smoking,gangsterism,vandalism,bullying,illegal racing and many more. Everyday we hear and see the effects of these social ills in the form of suicide,accidents,rapes,snatch thieves and brutal crimes. The effects of these social ills amongst teenagers are affecting the nation badly and causing great setbacks in the country. The spreading of social il ls have to be stopped immediately to save our youngsters who are the future generation.How are we going to eradicate these social ills if we do not know the root causes of these problems Therefore,before we find ways to eradicate the social ills amongst our teenagers, let us also dwell in the root causes of why the youngsters of nowadays fall an easy prey to the negative elements awaiting them. These causes can be categorized into several factors,mainly due to family crisis and external factors such as the influence of friends and environment.Living in this materialistic world can be very challenging to even adults,so what more to say for a teenager who is still struggling between adulthood and childhood. The need for good guidance ,counceling and parental love is essential to these youngsters. Whom should they turn to if the circumstances arise? Can they turn to their parents? Yes, under normal circumstances ,parents should be the child’s number one counsellor but,is this th e case in most child’s life? In fact the parents are the last to know about their child’s problem,which is a pity!This is because nowadays,mostly both parents are working and are too busy chasing their own goals, that they fail to see what their children are undergoing. Usually these parents leave their children to fend for themselves or in the care of a babysitter who most of the time doesn’t put her heart into the responsibility given . The outcome is , the child feels neglected and deprived of parental love. Another reason is when a child comes from a broken family,the frustration and anger is taken upon the poor child.As a result a child grows up to be insecure and lacking in direction. Hence falling an easy prey to the awaiting threats outside. Children are also stressed when parents are not understanding and pressure them to study something which is not of their interest . Parents who subject their own desires and ambitions on their children can cause a lo t of unnecessary pressure on them. Peer pressure and the need to proof oneself in order to be accepted is also another factor why the teenagers so easily succumb to the social ills around them.Constant innovation and development also provide boundless network which promotes extreme socialisation among our teenagers. Hence the exposure to all the unwanted elements in the society! Teenagers who do not know how to cope with stress, resort to these unwelcome means of escapism. We have seen some of the main reasons of why the social ills are spreading like an epidemic amongst our teenagers. What can we do to help them or to curb these social ills? There are a few very important things that can be done to nip the bud from the beginning itself.Firstly,the role of a family is very important . Parents who are responsible,who allocate enough quality time with their children can be a source of confidence for their children. Children will be able to rely on their parents for any advice and grow up to be a confident and secured person. These children often will not fall prey to the social ills as they are able to differentiate between good and bad and have no need for any form of escapism as they get enough love from their parents. Parents also must make sure that their children do ot lack of religious knowledge. As we know, all religion wants its followers to be a good human and abide by the rules. So if a child is given enough religious education and is taught to respect the humankind then,the chances of him or her resorting to violence is slim. Too much freedom and too much money given to teenagers will only mean trouble. Therefore parents should act wisely and explain to their youngsters why sometimes they cannot have whatever they want and why they must always obtain their parents’ permission before going out.Parents should always be aware of their child’s whereabouts but at the same time should not also be too strict and practice veto power at home. The y should be able to compromise,understand and respect their child’s feelings too. Maintaining a healthy relationship with children is an important measure in reducing these social ills amongst teenagers. Otherwise most teenagers will choose to rebel against their parents and try to prove to everyone that they are in control of their lives Besides the role of family ,the role of teachers and counsellors in schools is also very important in preventing social ills amongst teenagers.A teacher must always be sensitive to a child’s problem . A teacher must be able to gain a child’s trust in order for the child to confide in her or him. A teacher must make it her responsibility to solve a child’s problem and not be someone who simply wants to teach but is not much bothered about the child’s affair. Teachers can help a lot to curb these social ills if they play their role kindly and caringly. They should notice things and try to help the youngsters by send ing them to a counsellor or by counselling them themselves.While teaching in class , a teacher must always stress on the moral values and teach their students to avoid falling prey to bad influences. The education department and the mass media must always remind these teenagers to avoid doing all these illegal activities and the repercussions should anything unpleasant happen. The enforcement agencies can be invited to give talks and show slides of what is happening and how bad it can turn into,to create awareness amongst teenagers. A lot of opportunities must be created to allow teenagers to involve hemselves in activities such as outdoor games,indoor games,dancing and drawing classes,photography clubs and some social services that will divert the attention of these teenagers . The teenagers will not only be occupied but will also benefit from these extra activities. This healthy activities can be organised by the residential commitees or by the â€Å"ketua kampung†. Healthy competition with lucrative prizes can be held to attract these teenagers. The State government and the district office can help with these measures.Money used to cure the victims of the social ills in the form of rehabilitation centres and their medication can be put into a more healthy usage such as the above mentioned activities. After all one must agree that â€Å"Prevention is better than Cure†As a conclusion , everybody has to play an important role in eradicating social ills amongst teenagers . Eventhough these problems seem difficult to solve but as an Ethopian proverb says, â€Å"When the spider webs unite,you can tie up a lion. † (Infinity Web Development, LLC, 2002-2011) (OPpapers, 2011)

Pecan Tree Essay

1. Hi, my name is John Doe. I am here to inform you on the historical background of pecan trees. First I will explain the characteristics of pecan trees and then move into who founded the tree first and how the tree benefited them. Lastly, I will bring you up to date on how the tree has been domesticated and the benefits that it brings today. 2. The pecan tree starts off small and eventually gets bigger over time like pretty much everything else in the world. The best chance for this tree to survive is to plant it in alluvial or other words (riverbed) soil that is deep and well drained.However, pecan trees can grow on any soil that allows water penetration to a depth of four or five feet 3. The Pecan tree’s growth rate is roughly 2 feet per year. The trees will begin producing a few nuts three to four years after being planted significant production can be achieved in six to eight years. And good production will begin around the ninth or tenth year. 4. The pecan, Carya illinoi nensis, is a member of the plant family Juglandaceae. This family includes the walnuts and the hickories. The pecan is a large tree, often growing to 100 feet high or more and has a stately appearance.It has been proclaimed the state tree of Texas. 5. Pecan trees may live and bear edible nuts for more than 300 years. The crown of the pecan tree is roughly rounded or oval in shape, which can have a spread up to 75 feet wide. 6. For those of you who do not know what a pecan tree leaves looks like, they are green in color during the spring and summer, and when fall hits they start to turn a yellowish color. The leaves will eventually fall completely off the tree during winter season because these trees are considered to be deciduous trees, meaning they are seasonal, unlike evergreens which stay green all year long. . Here is a picture of the bark of a pecan tree. The bark of a pecan tree is grayish in color and has a rough appearance to it, which is relatively thin. The picture also sh ows the base of the tree which can reach up to six feet in diameter. 8. A pecan, like the fruit of all other members of the hickory genus, is not truly a nut, but is technically a drupe, a fruit with a single stone or pit, surrounded by a husk. The husks are produced from the exocarp tissue of the flower, while the part known as the nut develops from the endocarp and contains the seed 9. The outer husk is 3–4 mm (0. 2–0. 16 in) thick, starts out green and turns brown at maturity, which ranges from (1. 0–2. 4 in) long and (0. 59–1. 2 in) broad, and over time it will split off into four sections to release the thin-shelled nut. [2][4][5][ 10. Pecans come in a variety of sizes – mammoth, extra-large, large, medium, small and midget. They also come in several forms including whole pecans, pecan halves, pieces, granules and meal. There are over 1,000 varieties of pecans. Many are named for Native American Indian tribes, including Cheyenne, Mohawk, Sioux , Choctaw and Shawnee. 1. Pecans are native to a number of states in southern and Midwestern United States and to scattered locations in Mexico, but are most common in Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana. They have been growing over their present range in the U. S. for at least 8000 years and, based on archaeological and ethnohistoric data, were an important source of food for people who inhabited certain areas within this range in prehistoric and early historic times 12. Before European settlement, pecans were widely consumed and traded by Native Americans.As a food source, pecans are a natural choice for preagricultural society. They can provide two to five times more calories per unit weight than wild game, and require no preparation. 13. many years after the discovery of the pecan tree by the Native Americans the United States has become the world’s leader in pecan production. While exact numbers for world production are unknown, it is estimated that the U. S. produces 75 perc ent of the world’s pecans 14. Pecans are produced on about a million acres worldwide.Since the exact number for worldwide production is unknown there is a estimation of about 200 to 300 million pounds produced each year However, unlike most cultivated crops, the domestication of the pecan tree did not started until the late 1800’s 15. And since then there have been new inventions called harvesters that issues a burst of powerful high frequency vibrations that, for 10-15 seconds, it shakes all the pecans out of the entire tree creating a noisily intense crackling hail of pecan nuts, a dense shower, followed by an eerie silence that will leave any observer stunned 16.Also, the trees are planted in rows to make for an easier harvest. Also, before a shelled pecan is ready to be sold, it must first be cleaned, sized, sterilized, cracked and finally, shelled. 17. 6Unlike other horticultural crops, the native pecan is very important commercially. Most of these species are con centrated in the Northern Hemisphere of the New World, but can be found on every continent except for Antarctica 18. The Pecan Trees and the nuts have not changed a whole lot, since the Natives irst discovered them, but the way they are harvested has changed drastically. Unlike, the Native trees that were kept natural and could only produce what its genes allowed it too. Now there is grafting of trees to make the tree produce better 19. Not to mention the sprays that is used to keep disease down and the attack of bugs on the tree or the nuts themselves. I hope you know a little more about pecan trees and there origin and how much they have been domesticated to meet our needs. And to think all of this is being done to harvest a tiny pecan nut

English Language Skills for Academic Study Essay

English Language Skills for Academic Study - Essay Example Conversely, the possibility of all the income going to one person denoted as having a Gini coefficient of 1 (Minton, 2012).Global inequality is demonstrated through income gaps that have been witnessed between individuals, where the gap between the rich and the poor has drawn closer. Therefore, income inequality has a negative effect on economic growth. Intensive Global Inequality Apparently, income equality as an extra ordinary economic development is not based on the United States of America only. Other countries in the world such as Britain, Canada, China, India, and even Sweden have experienced an increase in the national economic share to around 1 % (Cleaver, 2013). Similarly, one of the world’s famous magazines, Forbes has argued that in the United States of America, there are around 421 billionaires, Russia has 96, China has 95 and India has 48. In addition, Santiso & Blommestein, 2007 argues that the world richest man is a Mexican who is worth approximately $ 69 Billio n, the largest building belongs to an Indian among other economic income disparities. In a general sense, the concentration of wealth has become part of a wider disparity in the in income distribution. This is arguably true because some parts and groups of people do not receive the share of resources. This leads to negative economic growth. Consequently, the income gap has continually varied in most countries in the world for the last three decades. For instance, the Gini coefficient in the United States of America has gone up to almost 30% from 1980 with coefficient ranging at 0.39. In China, the coefficient has increased by 50% reading at about 0.42. In the same way, Sweden has increased by around 25% read at 0.24 Gini coefficient (Jubis, 2013). However, in contrast to this, Latin America has been named as the world unequal continent since it has experienced a down ward trend demonstrated through the sharp decline of the Gini coefficient (Dicken, 2010). In light of such deliberati ons, it is correct to argue that the income gap leads to negative economic growth. This assertion is true because people with low income would not be in a position accomplishing all their needs. Income Inequality as the ‘Delay Factor’ to Recession Recovery It is argued that income inequality has become a barrier or a slowing factor towards the recovery of the great recession. A recent debate economic contraction has given a vivid picture on the level of income inequality in the economic development. In light of this, two liberalist economists have given their contribution toward this debate (Stevenson & Duch, 2008). According to Stigliz, the economic inequality is preventing the recovery of the global recession due to numerous reasons. To begin with, the liberal economist argues that the middle class is not capable of giving support to consumer spending, which has driven the growth of the economy for the longest period (Stevenson & Duch, 2008). For this reason, most peo ple in the United States of America cannot manage to pay education for themselves and their children. Moreover, Stigliz articulates that the enormous lack of income from the middle class has led to the lack of tax payments a situation that is associated with frequent and more severe cycles of income inequality (Jubis, 2013). It is apparent that with low income, some people would not be able to revive any economic activities within

Music and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Music and Culture - Essay Example The punk genre was at loggerheads with the old mainstream society and heavily criticised the contemporary political, social and economic circumstances of the UK. However, this criticism did not offer any alternatives to the existing conditions. The punk genre influence the culture of UK, that became more loose, in terms of its dependence on old societal values. People became more open, adaptive and accommodative of the 'youth culture'! The music press is a branch of entertainment journalism, wherein professionals analyse and criticise the varied genres of music, various bands, singers, musical entourages and the like. The music press consists of well-informed specialist media personnel, who report on the current music culture and offer information to the audiences. The music press of UK is no exception to this and functions in the same fields. The music media personnel of the UK garner information about the music industry of UK, the bands, genres, singers, musicians, lyricists, etc. and offer valuable guidance, suggestions, and criticisms.

Strategic Information Systems Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Information Systems - Case Study Example the investment and brand-building phase and have yet to show a profit. However, as e-businesses shift their focus (Hoffman, D.L. and Novak, T 2000) from building a customer base to increasing revenue growth and profitability, they should re-evaluate their current business strategies, if any, and develop strategies that provide a clear path to profitability. Networking and Internet technology have been successfully implemented at REI to create a very strong value chain. In the mind of the consumer, all three REI entities (seventy stores, two Web stores, and an adventure-theme travel service) can be viewed as one. E-commerce is fundamentally changing the economy and the way business is conducted. E-commerce forces companies to find new ways to expand the markets in which they compete, to attract and retain customers by tailoring products and services to their needs, and to restructure their business processes to deliver products and services more efficiently and effectively. However, despite rapid and sustained development of e-commerce, many companies doing e-business are still in the investment and brand-building phase and have yet to make a profit (Zwass 1998). ... tailoring products and services to their needs, and to restructure their business processes to deliver products and services more efficiently and effectively. However, despite rapid and sustained development of e-commerce, many companies doing e-business are still in the investment and brand-building phase and have yet to make a profit (Zwass 1998). Many e-businesses (or Internet companies) have focused on the visual attractiveness and ease of use of their Web sites as the primary method of increasing their customer base. However, as e-businesses shift their focus from building a customer base to increasing revenue growth and profitability, they should re-evaluate their current business strategies, if any, and develop strategies that provide a clear path to profitability. This study uses McCarthy's According to McCarthy (1960) and Perreault and McCarthy (1999), a firm develops its marketing strategies by first identifying the target market for its products or services. It then develops a marketing mix-a particular combination of product, price, promotion, and place (i.e., distribution and delivery functions in the supply chain) designed to enhance sales to the target market. A unique mix of these elements in a given industry allows firms to compete more effectively, thus ensuring profitability and sustainability. For example, by coordinating various product offerings and associated price discriminations with sales promotions and effective logistics, a firm can increase its sales and profit. Since the Internet has a significant impact on the makeup of this marketing mix, Internet companies should develop strategies that take the unique nature of online marketing into account.

BOTNETS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

BOTNETS - Essay Example Computers have integrated deeply in our lives and it is due to this fact that the current times can be termed as the technological era. Computers have made life convenient and fast-paced. However, along with the convenience some more things have also been introduced like threat to personal information and intellectual possessions. The invention of internet has aggravated these threats and has given new means for malicious activities. Botnets is one of the newer techniques that is adapted by hackers to gain access to different systems on the network and then perform inappropriate automated tasks through them. The inception of botnets dates back to the days when the Internet Relay Chat (IRC) was very popular among the internet users. IRC is a protocol that has been developed for real time many-to-many communication. IRC consisted of channels and servers on which communication used to take place. Channels used to be operated by channel operators who were in-charge of monitoring the activities on the channels and servers. With the increase of users on IRC, conflicts also increased between the users. The users wanted to gain access to more servers which thereby created conflicts. Some of the users started developing scripts to attempt denial of service and distributed denial of service attacks on the servers to crash them. Crashing the network used to cause refresh of the server and thus assign a new user as the operator. Later, these scripts started being used to target individuals. These malicious activities began the concept of botnets. Bot is defined as malicious software that may be residing on a single computer. It is automated and runs by the command from the IRC server, it makes the computer compromised and a part of a wider network of similar infected systems. Enselmi et al. (2010) stated that this server is also called the Command and Control server and the commands are sent in Command and Control

Introduction to computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to computers - Essay Example A hybrid network system incorporates both peer-to-peer needs as well as client server needs while at the same time reducing the cost of setup. In this network system, a server will be setup as well as personal computers (mini computer) setup as a client computer to facilitate access to the server. The integration of the two types of networks ensures security flexibility and prepares the company for expansion to in case it grows into a bigger corporation. With this type of network, access to the server and the company’s information requires an account and permissions from the network administrator. A software package to be acquired. To facilitate the proper running of this network system both system software and application software are required. The system software – which essentially will be windows 7 since it’s the most recent and stable version – controls all the hardware and the application software present. To guard the computer system against unautho rized access, malicious attacks, and spyware, firewall applications have to be installed. This antivirus should be able to detect and block unauthorized access to the computer system information. The best player in the market to fully protect CAL’s information is Kaspersky internet security. This is the best since it protects the system in real time. Word processing software is essential for creating, editing and formatting the company’s documents and hence it must as well be installed in the computers to facilitate these operations. As at the moment, the best word processor software is from Microsoft (MS word) which has all this functionalities plus many more. Furthermore accounting software and accounting system needs to be installed on the server to mange the inventory of the company. The based system being the web –based inventory management system Additional hardware to be attached to the CPU To enable printing of documents, printers must be attached to the CPU2. Sharing of this printer should be enabled to facilitate access by every member user of a client computer. Also, visual display units must be attached

The policy that reduces the poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The policy that reduces the poverty - Essay Example It is the responsibility of the government to ensure that all the aspects of economy maintain a stable level so that the country can grow and expand. Government regulates many things in an economy including inflation, exports and imports, prices of many vital commodities, and many important economic aspects. The government of US has entrusted the job of regulating the monetary policy and interest rates along with the margin requirements. Fed was created by an act of Congress and consists of a seven member Board of Governors who is headquartered in Washington DC with operations spread across the major cities of the US. The primary responsibility of the Fed is to set up monetary policy by setting up a FOMC (Federal Open Market Committee) together with five other members. (The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System) The Fed comes out with the monetary policy in order to ensure a certain key objectives like, delivering price stability with a low inflation level coupled with an objective to support the Government's economic objectives of growth and employment. Price stability is taken care of, by the Government's usual inflation target of around 2 percent. There is a need to contemplate the crucial and critical role played by price stability in achieving the aforesaid economic stability, and in providing just the right conditions for a sustainable and longer living growth in output and employment. The government's intention is definitely not to achieve the lowest possible inflation rate, as a low inflation is supposed to be equally bad as a high one and for that matter inflation below the target of 2% is judged to be as worse as inflation above the predefined target. The inflation target is therefore very symmetrical. (How Monetary Policy Works) Impact of Inflation on the Economy The Fed has a monetary policy and it uses the same to regulate mechanism of the economy. Like when it decides to change the interest rate, the government is trying to check the overall expenditure of the economy. A change in interest rates is mostly used to contain inflation, which is the result of lavish expenditure by the country. The Fed sets a fixed interest rate at which it lends money to financial institutions and depending on this interest rate, individual banks and other financial institutions set up their own interest rates, which apply to the whole economy. This step is of indispensable importance to the economy, as this is very widely used to contain inflation. The only purpose behind such a step is just to contain undue inflationary levels prevailing in an economy. The point to be noted here is that, this interest rate set by the Fed is so effective and powerful that it regulates the whole economy. It affects the stock and bond prices and also influences the asset prices through out the country. This interest rate also regulated the savings in an economy, which eventually results in capital formation and reinvestment. It is note that when interest rates are high, people prefer to invest money in government deposits that are less risky in nature than the stock markets and similarly high interest rates boost up the savings. Lower interest rates make asset and real estate prices go up, as people start ignoring conventional saving instruments and make use of the high growth ventures like shares and houses, which pushes up their

Sexuality and Middle Adulthood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexuality and Middle Adulthood - Essay Example According to Erik Erikson, the most important developmental challenge of middle adulthood is the conflict of generativity versus stagnation. Most people in the middle adulthood consider sexuality as essential component for physical and mental well-being. However, one of the basic issues concerning human sexuality during the middle adulthood is that there is a considerable decline in the frequency of sexual activity. According to Zanden, Crandell, and Crandell, "Frequency of activity and number of partners declines in middle adulthood ' Many healthy adults enjoy an active sex life into 70s and beyond' Medications for health problems often have sexual function side effects'. Lack of opportunity can be a factor... Time pressures of the job and family may leave couples with little time or energy for sex' Sexuality is refocused to sensuality for many middle adults." (Zanden, Crandell, and Crandell, 2000, p. 519). Therefore, human sexuality confronts serious challenges during the middle ad ulthood, although it is a highly essential component of human life during this period. Human sexuality during the middle adulthood confronts a basic issue with regard to the sexual activity of the individuals and most often there is an important decline in the frequency of sexual activity during this period.

Adult Learning Essay Example for Free

Adult Learning Essay DISCUSSION BOARD Do you believe they have any benefit for teaching adults? Why or Why not? Share a personal example of each that supports your view. Based on your own experiences, do you believe that children and adults learn differently? Give examples to support your thoughts. Metaphors, rehearsal, imagery and mnemonics are concepts used for teaching children. These tools benefit teaching creating venues that will effectively and efficiently nurture learning. For teachers, the more tools and bag of tricks the teacher has, the deeper and wider student learning styles he can reach, whether his students are adults or children. Studies show that children are fast learners as seen in their growth rates compared to adults. However, due to the innate nature children in as much as it could benefit teaching adults. Teaching adults as a general practice involves introduction of new concepts, facilitating learning processes and of human beings to learn using their mind, heart and hands, it is safely assumed that man’s learning is continuous and does not end with being adults. From experience, adult learning takes into consideration integrative tools to get the concepts across. In a way, if the teacher is able to create an atmosphere where adults can become children again, learning can become faster and insightful. Metaphors and the ability to use them denote higher literacy levels due to the cultural shades the metaphors require. For adults, the use of metaphors for learning is effective in evocative process of teaching. The adult learner by its manipulation of thought, experience and words, can further deepen their insights on the subject being learned. For example, in teaching a second language to adults involves using learning tools that can help the learners claim a new vocabulary. It usually takes six kinds of experiences or activities before non-native speaker acquires new vocabulary. Using metaphors will help the adult learner visualize, analogize and understand the new concept via exploration of likeness. The word blue can be analogized as â€Å"cool†, â€Å"sky†, or â€Å"water†. Another reason why metaphors are effective is that in adult learning, high level of inhibitions needs to be broken up before the learners start to let go and trust the teacher and their co-learners. Metaphors are good tools to slowly break the barriers of communication especially when the topic that is being discussed is sensitive. For teachers, when adult students use their own metaphors, the teacher can get a new perspective on how the student was able to digest the concepts being imparted. Rehearsals are exercises that instill mastery skills. Adult learning includes mastery of skills especially when the concepts that need to be learned involve tactile efforts. Rehearsals can range from mental rehearsal of knowledge as well as physical rehearsal of skills. An example of rehearsal in adult learning is the teaching of artistic craftsmanship, selling and management techniques, or any hands on skill. Computing is mastered through repeatability of the ability. Repeating something like cooking is a kind of rehearsal. The use of imagery is effective in adult learner where collaboration is imperative. With adult learning, the teacher’s imposition as all knowledgeable is less. The teacher’s role lies more on bringing tools such as images that can stimulate knowledge, skills and attitudes. Just like in children where the visuals can stimulate sensory skills, adults can develop the power of their own senses to stimulate their mind, relax their bodies and imbibe more learning in a healthier way. Malcolm Knowles takes this collaboration in adult learning into the organizational level. â€Å"When applied to the organization of adult education, a democratic philosophy means that the learning activities will be based on the real needs and interests of the participants; that the policies will be determined by a group that is representative of all participants; and that there will be a maximum of participation by all members of the organization in sharing responsibility for making and carrying out decisions.† (Knowles, 1980) An example of using imagery in adult education is using film as take off point for classroom discussions. Visual stimulus can be a painting just like in children’s education but in adult discourse, the insights are more mature and evoked from varied experience. Mnemonics helps teachers increase confidence of adult students in recalling vocabulary and concepts. Teaching through mnemonics is as much fun and rewarding to adults as it is on children. The memory enhancing strategy is usually used to teach information that’s already known but need to be easily recalled. The use of this technique accommodates students from a wide age range. In adults, it is easier because with rich and diverse experience, the class can create more associations to a word, making it easier and more fun. â€Å"Most people believe that their memory gets worse as they get older. This is true only for people who do not use their memory properly: memory is like a muscle the more it is used, the better it gets. The more it is neglected, the worse it gets. While in education most people have to use their memory intensively simply to remember facts and pass exams. When people leave full time education, they tend to cease to use their memory as actively, and so it starts to get flaccid.† (Chennai Interactive, 2002) Adult education that uses mnemonics will be able to help adults that have ceased to use their memory after leaving formal learning venues. The memory muscle just like any adult muscle will be able to recall its ability to remember vocabularies, theories and concepts with the mnemonic type of learning. People who learn how to bike, never forgets to how to bike. Even the concepts of mathematics will easily be recalled if mnemonics is used to recall mathematical jargons or concepts of other subjects. Adult learning is very much parallel children’s way of learning. There is no better challenge for adult educators to prime their students into the level of child like learning where the student is more open to new ideas, prepared to embrace new experience and able to digest their new knowledge into the levels of reflection and insight. REFERENCES Chennai Interactive Business Services (P) Ltd., 2002. Memory Techniques. Retrieved October 27, 2006, from www.chennaionline.com/education/2002/mete.asp Knowles, Malcolm S., 1980. The Modern Practice of Adult Education: From Pedagogy to Andragogy, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall/Cambridge.

Horror Film and Halloween Essay Example for Free

Horror Film and Halloween Essay Halloween is the one time of year when it okay to dress up as anything you want to be and it’s also when you can be celebrating all things horror and dead. Halloween started out as the celebration of the dead but has now grown into a wonderful time of costumes and decoration of scary fictional creatures. Dressing up as a scary character or a character you adore is one of the many perks of Halloween. Going to costume parties with friends and celebrating Halloween together. Watching horror movies and television specials about Halloween is exciting and it feels like more the holiday mood. Halloween is a celebration of the horror genre, dressing up and enjoying this holiday with people. Costumes are very important when it comes to celebrating Halloween. Children enjoy going out on Halloween and trick-or-treating with their costumes to celebrate (Halloween). For an older and mature get together some adults enjoy going to costume parties with their peers. In the olden days it was typical for costumes to be scary but nowadays people tend to dress up as their favourite pop star or a favourite character from a movie. Costumes are enjoyed by many people to be something scary or someone they admire. Going to a party or throwing a party is always expected to done during Halloween. This holiday celebration is enjoyed by everyone in certain countries. Many people attend a Halloween party to enjoy the costume their friends are wearing. The snacks and drinks are shaped and decorated as creepy creatures for the effects of Halloween. Even the music is themed to make the effects to feel realistic. People are attracted to Halloween and going to parties and enjoying it with friends is one of the many perks of this holiday. Enjoying the Halloween and getting into the spirit of this holiday makes it more enjoyable. The Halloween episode of a favourite T.V. shows really adds effects to the enjoyment of the season. This celebration is mostly about the mood of being scared and watching a lot of horror movies. The media has a huge influence on Halloween from movies, television specials and even themed music. Halloween is celebrated widely in certain countries. Halloween is a wonderful and exciting celebration made up by traditions and is enjoyed in certain countries. People enjoy dressing up as a favourite fictional character or someone real like a favourite role model. Going to parties and enjoying your costumes and celebrating this holiday with your friends. Most media like T.V shows will often make special episode for Halloween. People are attracted to Halloween because it is a unique Holiday that celebrates the dead.

The Respiratory System And Disease Health And Social Care Essay

The Respiratory System And Disease Health And Social Care Essay There are two lungs in the human chest; the right lung is composed of three incomplete divisions called lobes, and the left lung has two, leaving room for the heart. The right lung accounts for 55% of total gas volume and the left lung for 45%. Lung tissue is spongy due to very small (200 to 300  ¿Ã‚ ½ 10 ¿Ã‚ ½6 m diameter in normal lungs at rest) gas-filled cavities called alveoli, which are the ultimate structures for gas exchange. There are 250 million to 350 million alveoli in the adult lung, with a total alveolar surface area of 50 to 100 m2 depending on the degree of lung inflation (2). Conducting Airways Air is transported from the atmosphere to the alveoli beginning with the oral and nasal cavities, through the pharynx (in the throat), past the glottal opening, and into the trachea or windpipe. Conduction of air begins at the larynx, or voice box, at the entrance to the trachea, which is a fibromuscular tube 10 to 12 cm in length and 1.4 to 2.0 cm in diameter. At a location called the carina, the trachea terminates and divides into the left and right bronchi. Each bronchus has a discontinuous cartilaginous support in its wall. Muscle fibers capable of controlling airway diameter are incorporated into the walls of the bronchi, as well as in those of air passages closer to the alveoli. Smooth muscle is present throughout the respiratory bronchiolus and alveolar ducts but is absent in the last alveolar duct, which terminates in one to several alveoli. The alveolar walls are shared by other alveoli and are composed of highly pliable and collapsible squamous epithelium cells. The bronchi subdivide into subbronchi, which further subdivide into bronchioli, which further subdivide, and so on, until finally reaching the alveolar level. Each airway is considered to branch into two subairways. In the adult human there are considered to be 23 such branchings, or generations, beginning at the trachea and ending in the alveoli. Movement of gases in the respiratory airways occurs mainly by bulk flow (convection) throughout the region from the mouth to the nose to the fifteenth generation. Beyond the fifteenth generation, gas diffusion is relatively more important. With the low gas velocities that occur in diffusion, dimensions of the space over which diffusion occurs (alveolar space) must be small for adequate oxygen delivery into the walls; smaller alveoli are more efficient in the transfer of gas than are larger ones (2). Alveoli Alveoli are the structures through which gases diffuse to and from the body. To ensure gas exchange occurs efficiently, alveolar walls are extremely thin. For example, the total tissue thickness between the inside of the alveolus to pulmonary capillary blood plasma is only about 0.4  ¿Ã‚ ½ 10 ¿Ã‚ ½6 m. Consequently, the principal barrier to diffusion occurs at the plasma and red blood cell level, not at the alveolar membrane (2). Movement of Air In and Out of the Lungs and the Pressures That Cause the Movement Pleural Pressure Is the pressure of the fluid in the thin space between the lung pleura and the chest wall pleura. Alveolar pressure Is the pressure of the air inside the lung alveoli. To cause inward flow of air into the alveoli during inspiration, the pressure in the alveoli must fall to a value slightly below atmospheric pressure. Transpulmonary pressure It is the pressure difference between that in the alveoli and that on the outer surfaces of the lungs, and it is a measure of the elastic forces in the lungs that tend to collapse the lungs at each instant of espiration, called the recoil pressure. Compliance of the Lungs The extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure (if enough time is allowed to reach equilibrium) is called the lung compliance. The total compliance of both lungs together in the normal adult human being averages about 200 milliliters of air per centimeter of water transpulmonary pressure (3). Figure 2. Compliance diagram of lungs in a healthy person (3). Pathophysiology of Weaning Failure Reversible aetiologies for weaning failure can be categorized in: Respiratory load, cardiac load, neuromuscular competence, critical illness neuromuscular abnormalities (CIMMA), neuropsychological factors, and metabolic and endocrine disorders. Respiratory load The decision to attempt discontinuation of mechanical ventilation has largely been based on the clinician ¿Ã‚ ½s assessment that the patient is haemodynamically stable, awake, the disease process has been treated adequately and that indices of minimal ventilator dependency are present. The success of weaning will be dependent on the ability of the respiratory muscle pump to tolerate the load placed upon it. This respiratory load is a function of the resistance and compliance of the ventilator pump. Excess work of breathing (WOB) may be imposed by inappropriate ventilator settings resulting in ventilator dysynchrony (4). Reduced pulmonary compliance may be secondary to pneumonia, cardiogenic or noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary haemorrhage or other diseases causing diffuse pulmonary infiltrates (5). Cardiac load Many patients have identified ischaemic heart disease, valvular heart disease, systolic or diastolic dysfunction prior to, or identified during, their critical illness. More subtle and less easily recognized are those patients with myocardial dysfunction, which is only apparent when exposed to the workload of weaning (5). Neuromuscular competence Liberation from mechanical ventilation requires the resumption of neuromuscular activity to overcome the impedance of the respiratory system, to meet metabolic demands and to maintain carbon dioxide homeostasis. This requires an adequate signal generation in the central nervous system, intact transmission to spinal respiratory motor neurons, respiratory muscles and neuromuscular junctions. Disruption of any portion of this transmission may contribute to weaning failure (5). Critical illness neuromuscular abnormalities CINMA are the most common peripheral neuromuscular disorders encountered in the ICU setting and usually involve both muscle and nerve (6). Psychological dysfunction Delirium, or acute brain dysfunction: Is a disturbance of the level of cognition and arousal and, in ICU patients, has been associated with many modifiable risk factors, including: use of psychoactive drugs; untreated pain; prolonged immobilisation; hypoxaemia; anaemia; sepsis; and sleep deprivation (7). Anxiety and depression: Many patients suffer significant anxiety during their ICU stay and the process of weaning from mechanical ventilation. These memories of distress may remain for years (8). Metabolic disturbances Hypophosphataemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypokalaemia all cause muscle weakness. Hypothyroidism and hypoadrenalism may also contribute to difficulty weaning (5). Nutrition Overweight: The mechanical effects of obesity with decreased respiratory compliance, high closing volume/functional residual capacity ratio and elevated WOB might be expected to impact on the duration of mechanical ventilation (5). Ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction and critical illness oxidative stress Ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction and critical illness oxidative stress is defined as loss of diaphragm force-generating capacity that is specifically related to use of controlled mechanical ventilation (9). Clinical Presentation of Patients Patients can be classified into three groups according to the difficulty and length of the weaning process. The simple weaning, group 1, includes patients who successfully pass the initial spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) and are successfully extubated on the first attempt. Group 2, difficult weaning, includes patients who require up to three SBT or as long as 7 days from the first SBT to achieve successful weaning. Group 3, prolonged weaning, includes patients who require more than three SBT or more than 7 days of weaning after the first SBT (5). Clinical Outcomes and Epidemiology There is much evidence that weaning tends to be delayed, exposing the patient to unnecessary discomfort and increased risk of complications (5). Time spent in the weaning process represents 40 ¿Ã‚ ½50% of the total duration of mechanical ventilation (10) (11). ESTEBAN et al. (10) demonstrated that mortality increases with increasing duration of mechanical ventilation, in part because of complications of prolonged mechanical ventilation, especially ventilator-associated pneumonia and airway trauma (12). The incidence of unplanned extubation ranges 0.3 ¿Ã‚ ½16%. In most cases (83%), the unplanned extubation is initiated by the patient, while 17% are accidental. Almost half of patients with self-extubation during the weaning period do not require reintubation, suggesting that many patients are maintained on mechanical ventilation longer than is necessary (5). Increase in the extubation delay between readiness day and effective extubation significantly increases mortality. In the study by COPLIN et al. (13), mortality was 12% if there was no delay in extubation and 27% when extubation was delayed. Failure of extubation is associated with high mortality rate, either by selecting for high-risk patients or by inducing deleterious effects such as aspiration, atelectasis and pneumonia (5). Rate of weaning failure after a single SBT is reported to be 26 ¿Ã‚ ½ 42%. Variation in the rate of weaning failure among studies is due to differences in the definition of weaning failure. VALLVERDU et al. (14) reported that weaning failure occurred in as many as 61% of COPD patients, in 41% of neurological patients and in 38% of hypoxaemic patients. Contradictory results exist regarding the rate of weaning success among neurological patients. The study by COPLIN et al. (13) demonstrated that 80% of patients with a Glasgow coma score of more than 8 and 91% of patients with a Glasgow coma score less than 4 were successfully extubated. In 2,486 patients from six studies, 524 patients failed SBT and 252 failed extubation after passing SBT, leading to a total weaning failure rate of 31.2% (5). The vast majority of patients who fail a SBT do so because of an imbalance between respiratory muscle capacity and the load placed on the respiratory system. High airway resistance and low respiratory system compliance contribute to the increased work of breathing necessary to breathe and can lead to unsuccessful liberation from mechanical ventilation (15). Economic Impact Mechanical ventilation is mostly used in the intensive care units (ICU) of hospitals. ICUs typically consume more than 20% of the financial resources of a hospital (16). A study that analyzed the incidence, cost, and payment of the Medicare intensive care unit use in the United States (US) reveled that mechanical ventilation costs a sum close to US$2,200 per day (17). One study shows that patients in the ICUs receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation represents 6% of all ventilated patients but consume 37% of intensive care unit (ICU) resources (18). Another study corroborates this numbers also showing that 5% to 10% of ICU patients require prolonged mechanical ventilation, and this patient group consumes more than or as much as 50% of ICU patient days and ICU resources. Prolonged ventilatory support and chronic ventilator dependency, both in the ICU and non-ICU settings, have a significant and growing impact on healthcare economics (19). Summary TREATMENT OPTIONS WEANING FAILURE Overview The process of initial weaning from the ventilator begins with an assessment regarding readiness for weaning. It is then followed by SBT as a diagnostic test to determine the possibility of a successful extubation. For the majority of patients, the entire weaning process involves confirmation that the patient is ready for extubation. Patients who meet the criteria in table 2 should be considered as being ready to wean from mechanical ventilation. These criteria are fundamental to estimate the likelihood of a successful SBT in order to avoid trials in patients with a high probability of failure (5). Table 2 Criteria for Assessing Readiness to Wean Clinical Assessment Adequate cough Absence of excessive tracheobronchial secretion Resolution of disease acute phase for which the patient was intubated Objective measurements Clinical stability Stable cardiovascular status (i.e. fC =140 beats*min-1, systolic BP 90 ¿Ã‚ ½160 mmHg, no or minimal vasopressors) Stable metabolic status Adequate oxygenation Sa,O2 >90% on =FI,O2 0.4 (or Pa,O2/FI,O2 =150 mmHg) PEEP =8 cmH2O Adequate pulmonary function f =35 breaths*min-1 PImax =-20 ¿Ã‚ ½ -25 cmH2O Ve < 10 l*min-1 P0.1/PImax < 0.3 VT >5 mL*kg-1 VC >10 mL*kg-1 f/VT 13 ml*breaths-1*min-1 No significant respiratory acidosis Adequate mentation No sedation or adequate mentation on sedation (or stable neurologic patient) Taken from (5) and (15). fC: cardiac frequency; BP: blood pressure; Sa,O2: arterial oxygen saturation; FI,O2: inspiratory oxygen fraction; Pa,O2: arterial oxygen tension; PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure; f: respiratory frequency; PImax: maximal inspiratory pressure; VT: tidal volume; VC: vital capacity; CROP: integrative index of compliance. 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa. According to an expert panel, among these criteria only seven variables have some predictive potential: minute ventilation (VE), maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax), tidal volume (VT), breathing frequency (f), the ratio of breathing frequency to tidal volume (f/VT), P0.1/PImax (ratio of airway occlusion pressure 0.1 s after the onset of inspiratory effort to maximal inspiratory pressure), and CROP (integrative index of compliance, rate, oxygenation, and pressure) (20) . Minute Ventilation Minute ventilation is the total lung ventilation per minute, the product of tidal volume and respiration rate (21). It is measure by assessing the amount of gas expired by the patients lungs. Mathematicly, minute ventilation can be calculated after this formula: V_E=V_T ¿Ã‚ ½f It is reported that a VE less than 10 litres/minute is associated with weaning success (22). Other studies found that VE values more than 15-20 litres/minute are helpful in identifying if a patient is unlikely to be liberated from mechanical ventilation but lower values were not helpful in predicting successful liberation (15). A more recent study concluded that short VE recovery times (3-4 minutes) after a 2-hour SBT can help in determining respiratory reserve and predict the success of extubation (23). When mechanical ventilation takes place, this parameter is calculated monitoring flow and pressure by the ventilator in use itself or by an independent device attached to the airway circulation system such as the Respironics NM3 ¿Ã‚ ½ by Phillips Medical. Other ways to determine minute ventilation are by measuring the impedance across the thoracic cavity (24). This method though, is invasive and requires implanted electrodes. Maximal Inspiratory Pressure Maximal inspiration pressure is the maximum pressure within the alveoli of the lungs that occurs during a full inspiration (21). Is it commonly used to test respiratory muscle strength. On patients in the ICU or those not capable to cooperate, the PImax is measured by occluding the end of the endotracheal tube for a period of time close to 22 seconds with a one-way valve that only allows the patient to exhale. This configuration leads to increasing inspiratory effort measuring PImax towards the end of the occlusion period. However PImax is not enough to predict reliably the likeliness of successful weaning due to low specifity (15). The measurement of PImax can be performed by devices equipped with pressure sensors. Tidal Volume Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal ventilation (21). Spontaneous tidal volumes greater than 5 ml/kg can predict weaning outcome (25). More recent studies found that a technique that measures the amount of regularity in a series analyzing approximate entropy of tidal volume and breathing frequency patterns is a useful indicator of reversibility of respiratory failure. A low approximate entropy that reflects regular tidal volume and respiratory frequency patterns is a good indicator of weaning success (26). Tidal volume can be measured using a pneumotachographic device. Breathing Frequency The degree of regularity in the pattern of the breathing frequency shown by approximate entropy rather than the absolute value of the breathing frequency is been proven to be useful in discriminating between weaning success and failure (26). The breathing rate or frequency is measured by counting the breathing cycles per a defined period of time. The Ratio of Breathing Frequency to Tidal Volume Yang and Tobin [18] then performed a prospective study of 100 medical patients receiving mechanical ventilation in the ICU in which they demonstrated that the ratio of frequency to tidal volume (rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI)) obtained during the first 1 minute of a T-piece trial and at a threshold value of =105 breaths/minute/l was a significantly better predictor of weaning outcomes However, there remains a principle shortcoming in the RSBI: it can produce excessive false positive predictions (that is, patients fail weaning outcome even when RSBI is =105 breaths/minute/l) [35-36] Also, the RSBI has less predictive power in the care of patients who need ventilatory support for more than 8 days and may be less useful in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and elderly patients [37-39]. The Ratio of Airway Occlusion Pressure to Maximal Inspiratory Pressure The airway occlusion pressure (P0.1) is the pressure measured at the airway opening 0.1 s after inspiring against an occluded airway [42]. The P0.1 is effort independent and correlates well with central respiratory drive. When combined with PImax, the P0.1/PImax ratio at a value of 13 ml/breaths/minute offers a reasonably accurate predictor of weaning mechanical ventilation outcome. In 81 COPD patients, Alvisi and colleagues [39] showed that a CROP index at a threshold value of >16 ml/breaths/minute is a good predictor of weaning outcome. However, one disadvantage of the CROP index is that it is somewhat cumbersome to use in the clinical setting as it requires measurements of many variables with the potential risk of errors in the measurement techniques or the measuring device, which can significantly affect the value of the CROP index. Clinical Treatment Profiles CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Standardized Testing Essay -- Standardized Testing Essays

Standardized Testing President Bush is promoting annual standardized testing for all students in grades three through eight in order to assess their academic achievements. This bill is currently being considered in Congress, and has garnered much support from individuals in the community. As of right now, fifteen states test students in those grades, and more than twenty have high school exit exams. Exit exams look only at the test score of a student, not at his or her academic achievements throughout High School, and in many cases, people are either over- or underrepresented by their test scores. This occurs partly because America does not currently have the capabilities of fairly scoring the increasing number of tests, even though the companies creating and scoring the tests enjoy a large profit. The number of companies creating these tests is pitifully small. Adding to the lack of validity of the scores of these tests is the fact that many students today are not native English speakers, and their capabilities could be grossly underestimated by these types of exams, and there is a strong racial bias involved in most major tests. But, the biggest and most troubling problem with standardized testing is how it affects the learning that takes place in the classroom. This leads to the question of just how standardized we want our schools to be. Standardized tests are nothing but hurtful, and America should make a move away from them, especially since they are expensive and ineffective. We cannot expect to solve the problems in our educational system this way. We want our children to leave school with knowledge and understanding that will allow them to be successful. That is not currently the case. ... ...l only be a loose assessment of the criteria and not of the school, students or teachers, it would not be a major crisis if the tests were not representative of the students’ knowledge. That is a far more acceptable option than one of watching capable students being denied diplomas or college educations due to exams that they did poorly on. It is not in America’s best interest to pass the proposal to require standardized testing at elementary school levels, or to force students to pass exit exams to earn their diplomas. If we wish for our children to be informed, educated, and ready to survive on their own in the real world, we need to give them the tools that will get them there. These tests are not accurate, and they are detrimental to the education of children. There should be no debate over how our representatives in Congress should vote on this bill.

The Feminist Perspective of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Essay -- Buffy Va

The Feminist Perspective of Buffy the Vampire Slayer In her feminist critique of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Anne Millard Daughtey described Buffy as a show which "obviously promotes female strength and power" (159). Buffy herself is a "symbol of female empowerment" (149); as feminists we can all take comfort in the fact that Buffy "kicks butt and so can we all" (164). Sherryl Vint agrees that Buffy is a "positive role model for young women, one which feminism should celebrate" (para. 3). I find this understanding of Buffy, both the character and the series, to be very problematic, and with this paper I aim to undertake a revised feminist critique of the show, and expose the Buffyverse as the product of a very traditional patriarchal world view which pays lip service to a superficial feminist fashioning. This is not to deny Daughtey and Vint's reading of the Slayer completely; a defining feature of Buffy the Vampire Slayer is the liminal position it occupies, at once advocating and refuting positivist feminist readings. However, it is my contention that women in the series are all portrayed in stereotypical ways which have been generated by patriarchy throughout the ages, and all of which serve to empty femininity, leaving the women as functional (fantasy) symbols only: the bluestocking (Willow, Jenny Calendar), the dumb but pretty cheerleader (Cordelia, and to a greater extent Harmony), the witch (Willow, Tara), the sexual hysteric (Dru), the madwoman (Glory). To return to Irigaray, in the Buffyverse there is "no such thing as woman", only artificial constructions of femininity, a theme neatly encapsulated in the character of Buffy's 'sister' Dawn. Dawn suddenly enters the show in season five in an initially bewildering ser... ...ague Summers. London: Arrow Books, 1971. Playden, Zoe Jane. "What you are, what's to come: Feminisms, Citizenship and the Divine". Reading the SIgler: An Unofficial Critical Companion to Buff and Angel. Ed. Roy Kaverney. London; New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2002. 120-147. Purkiss, Diane. The Witch in History: Early Modem and Twentieth Century Representations. London: Routledge, 1996. Vint, Sherryl. " "Killing us Softly': A Feminist Search for the 'Real'Buffy". Slayage 5. 9 Dec 2002. <http://www.slayage.tv/essays/slayage5/vint.html> Whedon, Joss. Interview with Tasha Robinson. The Onion AV Club 37.31. 13 Dec 2002. <http://www.theonionavclub.com> Winslade, J. Lawton. "Teen Witches, Wiccans, and "Wanna Blessed Be's": Pop Culture Magic in Buffy the Vampire Slayer". Slayage 1. 9 Dec. 2002 http://www.slayage.tv/ essays/slayage 1 /winslade.html

America Needs the Stop-loss Program Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive

America Needs the Stop-loss Program The scary reality of the war on Iraq is something all Americans face today, the reality being, what happens if we do not have enough soldiers to continue all of the projects that the United States have already started. Does America have enough troops for what they are doing? Can America afford to tell people when they leave the military, thanks and we wish the best for you with civilian life, or should they be fighting to keep them as long as possible? America spend the money to keep the soldiers employed and across the waters to keep the promises made to make Iraq a democratic country? America needs to continue their fight, even if it means to maintain solders longer then they once thought. With the â€Å"Stop-loss program† introduced by President George W. Bush, the military finally received the power needed to persevere the numbers needed in winning the War on Iraq. Since June of 2004, 800 soldiers have died while fighting the war in Iraq, as well as nearly 4,700 wounded in battle, reported Pete Yost in the Associated Press, on June 1, 2004. Not only is the military losing soldiers due to death or being wounded, but there have also been a large number of people who, when they are discharged from the military, do not reenlist, but instead they want to go and try their luck in the civilian world. The rate America keeps losing their men and women, in Iraq proves that something needs to be done to keep the military in the high supply needed. How can the promise made to the Iraqi civilians be kept if there is not enough man power to finish what was started? Plus the number of civilians who have been signing up has drastically decreased. That is why President Bush’s â€Å"stop-loss program† otherwise known as the â€Å"back-door draft† is crucial for our continuing fight. According to what is written in the policy â€Å"The policy is designed to assist in meeting manpower requirements for future operations, and will, therefore, evolve to remain relevant to future operations, and will, therefore, evolve to remain relevant to future developments in mission requirements and our involvement in current operations.† (Maradmin 007/03). This policy was put into effect after September 11, 2001 in order to keep the military numbers up. With the â€Å"stop-loss policy† America is fighting to keep their military well stocked... ...ing the military how can they afford to keep people there? If a promise to a country is made, then the country needs to be willing to keep the promise to the best of their ability. The United States, could not win the war without the soldiers who fought in it, and they cannot give Iraq the freedom promised if they do not have enough men and women in combat. The stop-loss program that President Bush set up and put into play is something that was very needed in the country during this time of conflict. In conclusion, there are many reasons why the â€Å"back-door draft† is something that is needed in today’s society. American is trying it’s hardest to spread freedom and democracy around the world, to countries that have not been able to obtain it on their own. The military plays a massive role in the gift that America is giving to Iraq, without the military the old Iraqi government would still be in charge, and they would be a lot further away from freedom. With President Bush’s stop-loss program, it does just that; it stops the loss we were suffering with the deaths and discharges of soldiers and keeps the military full of soldiers who have first hand experience.

American Indian Conjuring

Conjuring is said to be the second-oldest profession in the world, and may well be the oldest of the theatrical arts. It was the carefully guarded weapon of the priesthood used to establish a belief in supernatural powers among an uninformed public (Randi, 1992, p. XI). The dictionary defines a conjuror as â€Å"a person who practices legerdemain [sleight of hand]; jugglerâ€Å". (Webster’s College Dictionary, 1992, p. 281). Another source defines conjuring as the art of â€Å"producing the appearance of genuine magic by means of trickery and deception† (Randi, 1992, p. XI). Anyone who attended Sunday school as a child can recall the biblical account of Aaron’s battle with two sorcerers in Pharos’s court. In the story, each of the magi cast down rods that became snakes. The secret to the trick was the snakes had been drugged or hypnotized which made them look like sticks, then became mobile when stroked by the conjurors (Randi, 1992, p. 1). Eunios, a Syrian, stopped a rebellion of Sicilian slaves about 135 B. C. with his awe provoking fire breathing. He claimed a Syrian goddess had made him immune to fire. Florus, the chronicler, had other ideas. He insisted that Eunios had the fiery substance secreted in nut shells in his mouth (Christopher, 1962, p. 6). In 1865 Robert Houdin, a French magician and clock maker, prevented a rebellion in Algeria with legerdemain. The French government asked the magician to discredit the Marabouts, an Arab religious faction who were using magic to incite a rebellion. He proved his illusions were more powerful than the magic of the Marabouts, thus stopping talk of rebellion (Magic History n. d. ). The line between natural and supernatural is often poorly drawn. Among the American Indian people, sleight of hand feats, simple tricks, and snake charming were invested with mystical significance during tribal rites. Witch doctors and medicine men used the devices of entertainers to increase their reputation and influence (Christopher, 1962, p. 6). In this work, I will investigate the various means American Indian shamans employed to deceive the people into thinking they had supernatural powers. I will then expose their methods of prestidigitation and conclude with an examination of the loss of the art. Though American Indian hamans for centuries had often matched and surpassed the far more widely known fakirs of Calcutta and Bombay, few stories about their skill appeared in either the national or the international press, and this for a very sound reason: The Asian conjurers, lauded by travelers, performed in public for the money the could collect from their roadside shows. The American Indian’s magic was reserved for their tribe; few whit e men had an opportunity to study it. If a rare outsider tumbled on to a secret, he was swiftly inducted as blood brother and sworn to secrecy (Christopher, 1973, p. 69). American Indian shamans were at their best in the open air under the night sky. When tom-toms beat and campfires cast flickering shadows, their strange feats were awe-inspiring to fellow tribesmen as the occasional flashes of lightning that streaked across the sky. The Navajo, like their counterparts in India, made snakes appear under inverted baskets. Pawnee, Hopi, and Zuni shamans made corn and beanstalks grow (mango trees were not available) during harvest rites. The feat in which a Hindu conjurer‘s assistant vanished and reappeared in a large basket was also done by the Apaches. Swords were jabbed through the sides to prove that no one was inside in Asia; the Apaches had a more effective argument; they shot arrows through the fibers (Christopher, 1973, p. 69). In 1871, John Wesley Powell, a geologist and representative of the United States Bureau of Ethnology saw an exhibition of the skill of Cramped Hand and Bent Horn, two Ponca shamans. â€Å"One afternoon, near sunset, about two hundred persons, mostly Indians, stood in a large circle around a tent in which sat the shamans and their assistants. Presently the shamans and the aged chief, Antoine Primeau, came out of the tent and stood within the circle. One of the shamans, Cramped Hand, danced along the inner side of the circle, exhibiting a revolver (Allen’s patent), one chamber of which he seemed to load as the people looked on. After he had put on the cap, he handed the weapon to the chief, who fired at the shaman. Cramped Hand fell immediately, as if badly wounded. Bent Horn rushed to his relief and began to manipulate him. It was not to long before Cramped Hand was able to crawl around on his hands and knees, though the bullet had apparently hit him in the mouth. He groaned and coughed up incessantly, and after a tin basin was put down before him he coughed up a bullet which fell in the basin, and was shown in triumph to the crowd† (Powell, 1894, p. 417). The demonstration was breathtaking, but impractical in battle. This was traditionally done with a real gun and a gaffed round, the bullet having been replaced with a wax casting. The explosion of the charge and propulsion of the fake bullet through the air effectively vaporized the wax within a short distance. The wax bullet can be made to look like lead by coating it with a black substance (Bagai, n. d. ). Cramped Hand had only to secret an identical bullet in his mouth during the falling action, the rest was acting. Much of what we know about the magic practiced by the first Americans comes from missionaries who worked among the Indians in the years when the New World was being colonized by Europeans. French priests reported from Canada in 1613 that the medicine men of the Algonquin tribes were the most formidable opponents they faced in trying to convert the Indians. Twenty years later Gabriel Sagard-Theodat, a Recollect missionary, weary of the daily conflict with people whose customs he did not understand, called the Nipissing redmen â€Å"a nation of sorcerers† (Christopher, 1973, p. 70) There is a fascinating description of a trick by Fray Bernardio de Sahagu in his Historia de las Cosa de la Nueva Espana: â€Å"Seating himself in the middle of the market place at Tianquiztli, he announced that his name was Tlacavepan, and proceeded to make tiny figures dance in the palms of his hands. † No one who witnessed the trick could offer a solution. There is however a simple explanation: the small figures were manipulated by strands of long hair (like modern magicians invisible thread) tied together and attached to the conjurers feet. All he had to do was wiggle his toe and the figures came to life (Gosh, 2006, p. 21). Legends say that the early medicine men could bring miniature images of buffalo and warriors on horseback to life. They worked by the flickering light of a fire at the far side of the tent with observers grouped in a semicircle. At the command of the magician, the clay figures were supposed to have changed to flesh and blood. Then the miniature Indians corralled the buffalo and hurled their spears and shot their arrows with deadly accuracy until the last animal fell with an arrow through its heart. When the drama ended, the figures reverted to clay and were tossed into the fire. Seldom has a puppet show received such praise. Whoever started the story must have imbibed too freely before attending the performance (Christopher, 1973, p. 75). Shamans of the tribes who lived along the St. Lawrence River boasted they could summon the rains or stop storms. They claimed their rites could render fields barren or produce bountiful crops ( Christopher, 1973, p. 0) The Franciscan friar, Louis Hennepin said of the shamans: It is impossible to imagine the horrible howling and strange contortions that these jugglers make of their bodies, when they are deposing themselves to conjure, or raise their enchantments† (Hennepin, 1869, p. 59). Paul Beaulieu, an interpreter for the Ojibwa at White Earth Agency, Minnesota ( First settlement by white people, n. d. ), heard tales of Indian escape artists around the 1850’s. At Leech Lake, Minnesota he witnessed an Indian shaman clad in a breechcloth tied by a committee of twelve men. The shaman’s ankles, wrists and hands were bound; his tied hands were forced down so that his knees extended up above them. A heavy pole was thrust over his arms and under his knees; then his neck was tied to the knees and he was carried into a tent. The structure was built on poles, interlaced with twigs, and covered with strips of birch and canvas (Christopher, 1973, p. 74). The flap had scarcely been closed when strange words and thumping sounds came from within. The tent swayed violently as the sounds increased in volume. When the disturbance ceased, the Indian shouted that the rope could now be found in a nearby house. Cautioning the committee to keep a sharp watch on the tent, Beaulieu sprinted to the house. The rope was there, still knotted. He hurried back, let the other men examine the knots, and then called to ask if he could enter. Permission was granted and he found the Indian seated comfortably, puffing on a pipe (Christopher, 1973, p. 74). No explanation was offered for the astonishing feat. There is however, a way it could have been done, a method so obvious that Beaulieu and the committee would have overlooked it: a secret tunnel with cleverly concealed trapdoors at each end. An assistant concealed in a passage under the tent untied the medicine man, squirmed through the tunnel, retied the ropes, then dashed to the house where the shaman had decided they should be found (Christopher, 1973, p. 77). Alexander Phillip Maximillian, who traveled in the west in the mid 1800’s, wrote of some amazing things accomplished with ordinary objects by Hidatsa and Mandan shamans. â€Å"The medicine of one man consists in making a snowball, which he rolls a long time between his hands, so that at length it becomes hard and is changed into a white stone, which when struck emits sparks. Many persons, even whites, pretend that they have seen this and cannot be convinced to the contrary. The same man pretends that during a dance he plucked white feathers from a certain small bird, which he rolled between his hands, and formed of them in a short time a similar white stoneâ€Å"(Powell, 1894, p. 512). The performance of the bullet catch with Bent Horn and Cramped Hand was also followed by a demonstration of sleight of hand. â€Å"Bent Horn danced around, showing an object which appeared to be a stone as large as a man’s fist, and to large to be forced into the mouth of the average man. Cramped Hand stood about ten or fifteen feet away and threw this supposed stone toward Bent Horn, hitting the latter in the mouth and disappearing. Bent Horn fell and appeared in great pain, groaning and foaming at the mouth. When the basin was put down before him, there fell into it, not one large stone, but at least four small ones† (Powell, 1894 p. 417). A proficient modern sleight of hand artist can change the color of billiard balls and manipulate coins and playing cards on stage with utmost ease, and can do the same with small stones and leaves from trees out in the open. It is not at all hard to see (through practice) how the shamans could manipulate a snowball, feathers or rocks and make them appear as something they really are not. Dr. Franz Boas, an anthropologist at Columbia University (Franz, n. d. ) witnessed a burning alive illusion in northwest Canada. A young Indian girl was nailed inside a large wooden box that was burned in the center of a spacious medicine hut. As the smell of burning flesh permeated the structure, she could be heard singing. Eventually box and girl were consumed, only bones remaining among the ashes of the fire. The keys to this mystery according to Dr. Boaz were a secret tunnel, a long speaking tube, and a dead seal. The girl slipped through a panel that could be lifted in the bottom of the box, crawled through the tunnel to the out side of the lodge, and began her song, which filtered back inside via the tube. Meanwhile, a helper pushed the carcass of a seal through the tunnel and into the box. The charred bones, of course, were those of the seal (Christopher, 1973, p. 77). Complicated advance arrangements and trained assistants were not needed for the oldest and most frequently performed American Indian mystery, the shaking tent. Shaking tent conjuring was always done after sunset with the conjuring lodge put up an hour or so earlier and was taken down before sunrise the next day. The lodge was a small, often conical structure made of hoops and branch poles sunk into the ground covered with animal skins, blankets or cut spruce boughs (Christopher, 1973, p. 77 & 80). Often times the shaman was bound tightly hand and foot and also gagged. Once the tent flap was let down strange things began to occur: the ropes that bound the conjurer were thrown out of the top of the lodge. The tent would shake violently and a succession of strange voices would be heard, supposedly those of animal spirits. Beavers and turtles were among the most common, conversing with the shaman and occasionally with the audience (Beyer, 2009). Many shamans produced the voice of only one animal; others boasted a wider repertoire. The more animals a conjurer had at his command, the more he was honored (Christopher, 1973 p. 80). All of the feats described in the shaking tent can be accounted for. Why was the performance always done after dark? For much the same reason modern magicians use a darkened stage and smoke, to conceal the secret means of accomplishing the miracle. Why was the conjuring lodge put up an hour or so before the performance and taken down before sunrise? The answer is quite obvious: so the general uninformed tribesmen could not inspect the structure and find the secret. As for escaping out of the ropes that bound the shaman, it was a common escape trick. A famous duo called the Davenport Brothers had an act around the same time where they were bound securely in a cabinet which resembled an old-fashioned wardrobe. Suddenly they produced music on guitars and bells and caused ethereal hands and strange shapes to appear. The Davenports were exposed many times, not only by magicians but by scientists and college students. The latter ignited matches in the dark. The flickering flames disclosed the brothers, with their arms free, waving the instruments which until then had seemed to be floating (Christopher, 1962, p. 99). The shamans needed to be in top physical condition (like Houdini) to carry out the first-class performances they presented. The tent is scarcely ever still and at the same time singing, talking and ventriloquism occur (Howell, 1971, p. 50 & 82). While all American Indian conjurers do certain standard things like shaking the tent which, under contemporary conditions, may become the subject of a limited amount of skepticism, some conjurers apparently invent or acquire new tricks. The Saulteaux readily admit that certain individuals have either shaken the conjuring tent, or tried to shake it, with their own hands (Howell, 1971, p. 70 & 80). As it happens, the enclosures used by the tent shakers were not actually as rigid as they seemed. The anthropologist Dr. A. Irving Hallowell emphasized in The Role of Conjuring in Saulteaux Society that â€Å"All I can say personally is that Berens River conjuring lodges were extremely easy to set in motion. They readily responded to the slightest pressure from without, as I can testify. †(Howell, 1971, p. 83) The American Indian conjurers, who reportedly created marvelous wonders, were never willing to travel themselves and exhibit their feats for theater audiences. However, the proprietors of medicine shows, who sold tribal cure-alls to small town audiences in the late nineteenth century, always claimed the man in the war bonnet who displayed the bottles was a celebrated Indian medicine man. Shungo-pavi was billed as a Moki medicine man that performed magic at the Cliff Dwellers exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St Louis, Missouri, in 1904 later played in vaudeville. He wore beaded buckskins, moccasins, and a feathered headdress, but the tricks he performed were not of Indian origin. A bottle and a glass changed places when covered by two tubes; a silk handkerchief vanished; only to reappear tied between two others. He waved an eagle feather instead of a wand when he pronounced his magic words. Occasionally one still hears of a traditional feat being shown at an Indian tribal ritual in the Southwest or a shaking tent in northern Michigan or Canada, but the day of a burned alive illusion in the dark night or of a shaman changing a snowball into a rock in the open air has long past (Christopher, 1973, p. 81).

Effects of Washington D.C Snipers

Effects of Washington D. C Snipers Two men that decide they want to take people’s lives into their own hands, can change the way American citizens live their everyday lives. This exact situation happened over a twenty-three day period, when John Muhammad and John Malvo went on a shooting spree in Washington D. C. John Allen Muhammad, a forty-one year old veteran expert marksman of the Persian Gulf War, was the main culprit of the crime. He was accompanied by John Lee Malvo, a seventeen year old Jamaican citizen. These two men killed ten people and wounded three others. The snipers had a strategic plan in shooting their victims. As appose to a random one day spree, they had a well thought out process of how to conduct this shooting. They cut a small hole out of the trunk of an old car. They used this hole to stick their gun out of and shoot people without getting caught, and without people knowing where the shooting was coming from. There were no particular people that they were trying to shoot. Everyone that was shot or wounded was random. They shot people picking their kids up from school, and people filling up with gas. This shooting scared people all over the community and throughout the nation. No one felt safe leaving their homes. Before the criminals were caught people were very cautious performing their everyday activities. Some people did not want to take their kids to school fearing that they, or their children might be in danger. The parents and children who did perform their everyday activities lived in fear every time Dial 2 they were in the open. This shooting also stopped people from wanting to get out of their car to fill up with gas. People also stopped going to the park, and even going out to run and exercise. People who had to walk to and from work were scared to go to their jobs in fear of being shot. Anytime people had to be out in the open, they felt as if they were a target. They were scared that somebody was always watching them through the scope of a rifle. Because the people did not know where the shooting was coming from, they did not know what warnings to look for. Once the shooters were caught, some of the tension was relieved. Even though some of the tension was relieved, some people still had the killings of innocent people in the back of their minds. Since someone had committed such an awful crime, they thought that someone else would commit this crime in a similar style. It took time before kids were out playing in the park again and people were back to their normal everyday activities. Because of this shooting, more cars are stopped and searched, because of small traffic violations to ensure the safety of others. More cameras have been put up throughout the city so cops can look at what happened after a crime has been committed, and hopefully bring the criminals to justice. During the time of big events, there are also more roads closed and blocked where all cars are stopped and questioned. Crimes like this also make it harder for the everyday citizen to buy a gun. It also makes people consider going and getting a concealed weapons license. Even today, five years later, people are still worried about crimes like this being committed. Some people feel as if they are a target every time they step out of their front door. Cops all over America have been trained to be able to spot suspicious behavior and know what to look for. The Government’s job is to make everyone feel safe, although this is not always possible because of similar situations from the past.